Blue-Collar African American Life in Killer of Sheep by...

Every so often a film is made that makes a major impact on the culture of cinema. Charles Burnett with his film Killer of Sheep (2007) made that impact. The film was created by Burnett as his masters thesis from the UCLA film school in 1977, but was not formally released until 2007 (Burnett, Milestone Films). Even though it wasn’t released for almost thirty years, the film received international praise. Killer of Sheep brought to life a new image of African American cinema and created a powerful impression of life in the black ghetto. Burnett created a realistic image of African American blue-collar life in a non-traditional structure that changed African American cinema. Burnett set Killer of Sheep in the Watts neighborhood of Los†¦show more content†¦The film was shot on a very low budget of about Ten Thousand dollars (Burnett, Milestone Films). Everything was shot hands-on with life in Watts. This helped to contribute the neo-realism style of the film. The film mos tly deals with the life of Stan (Henry G. Sanders), a kind-hearted slaughterhouse worker who struggles to get anywhere in life. The film follows Stan as he goes through day-to-day life. There is no connection major story arch to scenes in the film. It is events as Stan tries to get ahead in life, but he never seems to get anywhere. This idea is solidified by the additional shots of children playing that find their place throughout the film. Killer of Sheep starts with a group of children playing war with dirt clots and hiding behind plywood scraps. These breaks to shots of children add to realism and complete image of poor African American life. The struggle isn’t just the adults, but also the children who make the best of their living situations. Burnett was able to capture African American life in a very real way that had not yet been seen in cinema. What Burnett captures about African American life in the black ghetto is feeling of running in place with no way out. Stan is never given a break. It creates the feeling of being trapped with no way out. Stan does many things throughout the film that take him nowhere. At one point in the film he attempts to take his family and friends to the horse races. On the way

Musical Characteristics of the Renaissance Free Essays

Medieval music focused on complexity in harmony, rhythm, text and orchestration. There was no instrument support and polyphony and notation were in the developing stages. Music was both secular and sacred, although secular music hardly thrived due to the late development of notation. We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Characteristics of the Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Western music went hand in hand with Roman Church. The monks of the church composed the first notes for music. Thus most of the written music emerged from within the Church. Pope Gregory I took the initiative to standardize the earliest music.   This is known as Gregory chants. Kyrie is an example for this. The music is sung by many voices in unison without any instrument. This is also called a cappella and is monophonic. Polyphony began to take form between the 11th and 13th century. The earliest polyphony is known as organum. The Doulz Viaire Gracieus is a polyphonic song of the vocal genre and a fixed form by the French composer Guillaume de Machaut. It is known as a rondeau and is written for three voices – a tenor, a triplem set against the trenor and a cantus. Only the cantus has text and the other two have been instrumentally performed. Musical Characteristics of the Renaissance Renaissance music focused mainly on modality which began to decline towards the end of this period. A large number of motets, madrigale spirituale and the laude took form during this period. Secular music for one or many voices was widely distributed. Music was composed in individual parts. There were hardly any scores and barlines were not used at all.   Several styles were composed. The styles depended on the surroundings and geographic locations. The rising humanism spirit portrayed a growth in secular and instrumental composition. Most of the songs revolved around women, love and wine. Sweet nymph, come to thy lover by Thomas Morely is an English secular madrigal that does not make use of any instrument. It was published in Canzonets to Two Voices in 1595. Giovanni Gabrieli was a composer of high renaissance music and his work is characterized by contrasts of space, high and low voices and dynamics. He is well known for polychoral compositions and played a vital role in instrumental music. One of his greatest compositions using instruments is Canzona Duodecimi Toni. Conclusion Music theory and notation owes its birth to Middle Ages. New styles were continuously invented. The music of the Middle Ages has great influence on the development of the modern Western music. The changes during Renaissance have also influenced music to a great extent. References O’ Brien, J. P. (1995). The listening experience: Elements, forms, and styles in music (2nd ed.). New York: Schirmer. Wikepedia. Renaissance Music. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music Think Quest. Learning with the power of Technology. Retrieved from http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC041099/middleages.html Braindex. Medieval Music. Retrieved from http://braindex.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Medieval_music    How to cite Musical Characteristics of the Renaissance, Essay examples

Global Marketing and Advertising Cultural

Question: Discuss about the Global Marketing and Advertising Cultural. Answer: Introduction In the present environment, every educational institute has a need of a good marketing plan to develop its brand in the international market. In this concern, to make understanding about the marketing strategy for an international institute Australian Catholic University (ACU) is considered with a detailed plan. A detailed marketing plan prepares to the university to launch new products and services among their targeted audience. This university focuses on online teaching and learning (OTL) programs for global students. Moreover, the report analyzes demographic environment for the university and critically analyzes SWOT of ACU with comparing its competitive brands. A marketing plan presents an extensive overview of the whole organizations objectives, mission, resource allocation and strategy in the competitive market. It provides document how the strategic objectives of an organization will be accomplished through particular marketing strategies and policies with the customers as the starting point (Hollensen, 2015). Marketing plan is also associated to the plans of other departments of the organization. Marketing plan is a primary action for Australian Catholic University. Marketing plan protects and increases ACUs institutional reputation and strengthens to universitys brand. It is an essential process for the university to encourage community engagement and strengthen the universitys significance in career of target audience with including present and prospective students, donors, alumni, friends, staff and faculty. Although the literal length and arrangement of educational services may be vary from university to university but a marketing plan generally includes the fundamentals of the marketing strategies. The university may create shorter or less formal marketing plans, but the university frequently requires highly structured marketing plans to compete in the international market (ACU, 2016). In this way, every part of the marketing plan must be expressed in detail to guide implementation effectively. Occasionally, an organization may post its marketing plan on its website, whi ch allows the students in different locations to consult specific educational programs and collaborate in development of educational programs. Current market plan: Australian Catholic University strives for contributing in the development of local, national, and international communities by nurturing the interest of people in education, health, science and technology, creative arts and innovation, and commerce (ACU, 2017). Furthermore, ACU strives to nurture spiritual and intellectual life among students and staffs. As a Catholic University, it aims to care for all the persons physically and spiritually. Along with this, there are some targets that the University wants to achieve before 2020. These objectives are: To be one of the most leading catholic universities across the world To be leading university in research specialization across the world To foster the culture of excellence research in its vision and mission To be an University enrolling over 30000 Students from across the word To deliver quality education with innovative and creative education programs and using advanced education technology To ensure the student gratification with coursework and education quality To improve the performance and service quality To provide Online Teaching and Learning facility (ACU, 2017) The mission of ACU is to provide excellent higher education for its entire diversified and dispersed student body, a body that is increasingly connected to ACU National via the Internet (ACU, 2017). Segmentation is the process of fragmenting the whole market into segments, where from an organization can select best one market that meets the requirement and objectives of organization. Segmentation helps ACU in ensuring the quality of product and service and student satisfaction. Segmentation can be based on geographical factors, demographical factors, psychological factors, and behavioral factors (Armstrong et al, 2014). Australian Catholic University uses geographic and demographic factors mostly to segment the market. ACU segments the market based on the geographic regions across the world and domestic country as well. At the same time, it also fragments the market based on the demographic factors (ACU, 2017). Demographic factors may be age, income, education, occupation, family size, gender, religion, race and others. ACU fragments the market based on gender, religion, race, income, and education mostly. As it is catholic university that is why it allows enrollment of the stud ents belongs to catholic group. It is also nonprofit organization and that is why it uses income as a base for fragmenting the market. It strives to enroll both male and female students (ACU, 2017). Targeting is the process of evaluating the segmented market and then selecting the best one market meets organizational objectives and goals, and that is compatible to the resources of company (Smith, 2014). ACU targets both male and female students across the world. The female enrolment finds more than the male enrollment in ACU. Around 72.7 percent female students are student in under graduation courses and 70.6 percent female students are in post graduation courses (AEN, 2017). Along with this, it targets the students belong to lower and middle class or income family. It also targets international students therefore it has enrolled 2,920 students from oversea market. Positioning is a marketing strategy, which is used to develop a distinct position of the brand in mind of the target customer. The positioning strategy helps ACU in differentiating from others or its competitors in target market. There are different positioning strategies such as positioning by the quality, positioning by price, positioning by endorsement, positioning by feature and benefits, and positioning by products and services (Armstrong et al, 2014). ACU focuses on quality and price as well to positional itself. It shows that it makes able the student to develop critical, ethical, and rational thinking process and to promote and develop their communities by executing changes (ACU, 2017). At the same time, it uses price positioning strategy as well because it targets the students from lower to middle class families. Marketing mix of Australian Catholic University: Australian Catholic University provides under graduation and post graduation course in streams of arts, business and commerce, science and technology, health, law, nursing and midwifery, paramedicine, philosophy, social work and others. It also offers research courses such as doctors of education, doctors of philosophy, and doctors of philosophy in social and political thought, masters of education, and masters of technology (ACU, 2017). Along with this, it offers training courses, language courses, and vocational education training. It is also offering Online Teaching and Learning as well. Pricing is an important factor to be used in every organization to get the return on the offer to be made to customers. Pricing helps in determining the monetary value of products and services. Price may be determined using cost pricing method, competitive pricing method, and others pricing methods (Smith, 2014). ACU is a nonprofit public university that determines the prices of offers that is affordable to the students. It provides scholarship based enrollment to the oversee students. It offers services on affordable price as it knows that it targets students from lower to middle class families (ACU, 2017). The price list of ACU for different courses is given below for example: Distribution means that how an organization distributes its products, and renders its services to customers. ACU uses both online and off line distribution channels of services. It uses also distance learning system as well for distribution. It focusing on online teaching and learning system currently (ACU, 2017). It provides online education to students that makes easy for university to promote distance learning and attracting large number of students from abroad. The promotion is the communication of products and services to customers. ACU uses advertisement, sales promotion, and public relation tools mostly for promotion (ACU, 2017). It gets its products and services endorsed by Academic Board and published. Along with this, it provides scholarship based admission to attract the students. Current and potential Demand of Australian Catholic University: The Australian Catholic University is deemed one of the most leading universities across the Australia. ACU enjoys good market share and demand. It has around 32000 students from across the world. The demands of bachelor courses are higher than post graduate or master degree courses. There are around 20000 undergrad students while 7500 post grad students. The undergrad students constitute about 76.3% of the total students of Australian Catholic University (AEN, 2017). At the same time, post grade students are only 21.1% of the total students. At the same time, 2,920 students are from the abroad has enrolled in university for undergrad and post grade courses. Australian Catholic University has 7 campuses throughout the Australia. Theses campuses are Adalalde, Ballarat, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, North Sydney, and Strathifiled. Ballart campus has around 1000 students while students more than 5200 including oversee students around 400, are enrolled in Brisbane campus. At the same time, about 2000 students including both domestic and international students are enrolled in Canberra campus. Furthermore, there are 8900 students including 7900 domestic students and about 1000 oversee students (ACU, 2017). At the same time, North Sydney and Strathifield campuses have around 10000 students across the world. Most of students are satisfied with ACU and it is using Online Teaching and Learning programs and distance learning system as well. Therefore, it can be said that the demand of ACU will increase defiantly up to a good level. The distance learning and OTL will possibly increase the demand of ACU in international market mostly. Demographic environment of Australian Catholic University: Demographic environment is the set of demographic characteristics of people concerned to the organization directly and indirectly. The demographic environment consists of the factors, which describe the characteristics of the people in the market (De Mooij, 2013). The market targeted by ACU is very oriented to education and intellectual and spiritual tradition. ACU has around 72.3 female students from the world (ACU, 2017). Most of the students are satisfied with service of ACU. About 90% business students, 88% health students, 82% arts students, and 2% science students are satisfied with the service of ACU. Australian Catholic University enrolls the students of all the nationalities, beliefs, and culture. At the same time, it also has staffs belong to different culture, nationality and beliefs (KOM, 2017). Students at ACU campus are very friendly and enjoy the access to student support service and qualified lecture services. Furthermore, ACU employs both full time staff and fractional full time staff. Australian Catholic University has staffs of 2346 people. Australian Catholic University has all the full time staff. Australian Catholic University employs the people based on tenurial basis and limited terms basis. ACU has both male and female staff as well (UA, 2013). It has 404 male and 889 female staff for a fixed tenure. At the same time, it has 192 male and 366 female staff for a limited term. ACU has around 290 people for teaching only, 88 people for research only and 300 people for teaching and research. Remaining staffs are employed for other activities. Apart from this, it has 96 above senior lecture, 51 lecture level C, 116 lecture level B, 11below lecture level A, of male staffs. At the same time, it has 97 above senior lecture, 111 lecture level C, 242 lecture level B, 14 below lecture level A, of female staffs (UA, 2013). Most of the students enrolled in ACU are from the lower and middle clas s families. At the same time, it targets students for undergrad and post grade courses. It provides services to people of all the age groups. Key findings with its competitor brand Australian Catholic University is a public university, which is funded by Australian government. This university has seven locations in different states of Australia, which makes it more competitive among the higher educational institutes. ACU provides different range of courses such as health sciences, law and business, philosophy and theology. These features make it more competitive among its competitors. In the findings, it is analyzed that total number of students is lower in comparison of Monash University and Melbourne University, which are its big competitors in Australia. But, this university has good rank in providing distance and online education globally. Furthermore, the number of overseas students in ACU is 2920, which is much low in compare to its competitors (Australian Education Network, 2017). The main reason of this situation is that the university has seasonal staff for teaching, which discourages the students to take admission in this university. On the other hand, fees of ACU are lesser in compare to other universities, which is a competitive advantage for it among its competitors. In other words, this university provides world class education at lower cost for the international students. In addition, it is also analyzed that QS ranking of ACU is 701, but its competitors QS ranking is under 100 (Australian Education Network, 2017). Therefore, it can be analyzed that the world ranking position of ACU is not good in comparison to its competitor brands. As well as the findings determines that research excellence position is also not good in comparison the competitive universities. Hence, it can be said that the Australian Catholic University needs to improve its human resources as well as marketing plan to make a good position in higher education sector. SWOT analysis SWOT analysis tends to an organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the market. It is conducted to an organizations strategy of introducing a new product in the market. The SWOT analysis covers only that factors that may influence the ability of the organization therefore it not covers the entire activities of the organization (Dunn et al., 2012). On the basis of above key findings the SWOT analysis of Australian Catholic University is as below: Internal Environment Strength The existing policy frame and established roles towards the university goals and objectives improving the quality of universitys teaching and learning Current awareness on policies, procedures, responsibilities and roles supported the educational services Excellent staff with strong knowledge of their subject Successful marketing strategies and reputation for innovation in education Weaknesses Lack of sufficient recognition in interim policy Higher workload for the academic staff Absence of appreciation in policy which is impacted by flexible nature of online teaching mode on academic work (Freeman et al., 2014) Lack of coordination between authority and academic staff Dependency on sectional staff for development Lack of data on through which the staff have tolerable access to proper computer facilities for teaching and unit expansion External Environment Opportunities Opportunity of developing and implementing a sustainable and flexible learning initiatives by examining experience of other successful institutes An opportunity to expand online teaching and learning in the emerging trends To become a leader in online and interdisciplinary learning Increasing demand of online education Threats Failure in addressing gap between universitys current practices and external expectations of the target audience Threat of losing experienced teaching staff due to better opportunities by other universities Increasing competition Conclusion: From the above report, it can be said that the report has successfully analyzed the demographic environment, market demand, and current marketing plan of Australian Catholic University. Apart from this, it identified the strength and weakness of the ACU that ACU has experience and highly qualified staffs and strong brand awareness. At the same time, there is higher dependency rate and lack of coordination among staffs. Apart from this, it is found that students and staffs of all the beliefs and culture are there in ACU. References: ACU (2016). Study at ACU. Retrieved from: https://www.acu.edu.au/study_at_acu ACU, (2017). About ACU. Retrieved from. https://www.acu.edu.au/about_acu/campuses/north_sydney ACU, (2017). About ACU. Retrieved from. https://www.acu.edu.au/about_acu/our_university/strategic_plan_2015-2020 ACU, (2017). About ACU. Retrieved from. https://www.acu.edu.au/about_acu/our_university/why_choose_acu ACU, (2017). About ACU. Retrieved from. https://www.acu.edu.au/courses/courses ACU, (2017). Cost and Scholarship. Retrieved from https://www.acu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1096609/Course_Fees_2017_aw_LR.pdf AEN, (2017). Compare ACu, Monash, and Unimelb universities in Australia. Retrieved from https://www.australianuniversities.com.au/compare-universities.php?uni%5B%5D=acuuni%5B%5D=monashuni%5B%5D=unimelbsubmit=SUBMIT Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P. (2014).Principles of marketing. AU: Pearson. Australian Education Network (2017). Compare ACU, MONASH UNIMELB Universities in Australia. Retrieved from: https://www.australianuniversities.com.au/compare-universities.php?uni%5B%5D=acuuni%5B%5D=monashuni%5B%5D=unimelbsubmit=SUBMIT De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. USA: Sage Publications. Dunn, L. O. U. I. S. E., Schier, M. A. R. K., Fonseca, L. (2012). An innovative multidisciplinary model for work placement assessment.Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education,13(3), 135-145. Freeman, B., Goldblatt, A., Thompson, S., Sue, S. T. (2014). An international comparative perspective on institutional policy to enhance institutional governance, policy-making and policy infrastructure, for improved institutional outcomes Association of University Administrators (AUA) Annual Conference University of Manchester, UK, 13-16 April, 2014.Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management,36(1), 74-87. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. UK: Pearson Education. KOM, (2017). Why study at ACU. Retrieved from https://komconsultants.com/university/australian-catholic/ Smith, M. C. (2014).Principles of pharmaceutical marketing. UK: Routledge. UA, (2013). Staff characteristics, teaching graduate outcomes. Retrieved from https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/australias-universities/key-facts-and-data/Staff-characteristics--teaching---graduate-outcomes#.WOjnZ0V94_4

Social Marketing

Social MarketingAdvertising We will write a custom book review sample on Social Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction â€Å"Why can’t you sell brotherhood like we sell soap?† True. Selling soap and social cause are completely two separate things. However, recently marketing has observed a mingling of the two wherein organizations have associated themselves with a social cause to promote their brand. The trend to promote products or brands with a social cause is supposed to boost image as well as sales. Industry buzz is social marketing establishes a firm as responsible and boosts consumer demand even during recession . Companies are putting their brand names with social causes like fighting breast cancer or AIDS awareness. But the real impetus of such campaigns and its effect on brands’ image is uncertain. Target customer profile of such cause related marketing is also uncertain. However, the question related to social marketing arises is its effectiveness. Further, with advent of new media social marketing has attained a new platform where word-of-mouth campaigns through repeated click on â€Å"Like† and â€Å"Retweets† increases social awareness. Social marketing therefore assumes great importance for marketers, especially during recession, in order to recreate their brand image. In this report, I will explore how social marketing influences others in their purchase decisions. In order to understand this, I undertake a literature review of journal articles, books, and online articles to understand the effectiveness of social marketing for brands and its effectiveness with the new media (e.g. Facebook). The objectives of the report are delineated in the following points: To find the demographic profile of those influenced by social marketing campaigns, To prove how new media such as Facebook and text messages influences young consumers To prove how socia l marketing increases public relations and improves customer loyalty. Literature Review In this section, I undertake a literature review on peer-reviewed journal articles and books to understand social marketing, its effectiveness, and the use of such marketing with help of new media. This section will also provide the demographic profile that is believed to be influenced most with social marketing through online or mobile campaigns.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evolution of Social Marketing Kotler and Levy raised the question in the sixties regarding the relevance of marketing as a socially useful tool. They were aiming to make marketing as a tool â€Å"serving and satisfying human needs†. Researchers mentioned fleeting references of the similarity or difference of marketing soap and goodwill or other such concepts earlier. Social marketing was formally int roduced in the marketing arena with the 1971 article of Kotler and Zaltman titled â€Å"Social Marketing: An Approach to Planned Change.† The transition from a socially useful marketing process to social marketing was a logical concept that brought forth serious pressure on the marketing discipline to become for socially relevant and ethical . The need for development of a non-conventional, socially conscious marketing strategy was found to be necessary due to the following reasons: Increased needs of nonbusiness organizations for marketing services. Attacks on marketing’s negative impact on society. The emergence of exchange theory, the coalescence of social marketing oriented theory. And the decline of consensus-oriented perceptions of social reality. Therefore, sue to the greater demand of socially responsible marketing strategy aiming at social causes, this gave marketers the possibility to work with government and non-profit organizations to promote social change programs. This demand for social marketing was found from parallel academic streams such as advertising and public relations . Though there was a lot of demand and debate about social marketing in the 1970s, there was little scholarly work in the area apart from Kotler and Zaltman’s 1971 article. It was not until Lazer and Kelley (1973) and Richard Manoff (1975) social marketing literature was facing dearth of academic attention. Manoff (1975) wrote the book on social marketing who applied many principles from his experiences working in social change projects. After these there was almost a stagnation of a decade before Kotler Roberto published another book on social marketing and Fine a year later. However, in the decade of 1990s and later there is a modest body of literature that can be found on the subject – e.g. Andreasen (1994), Brenkert (2002), Guiniven (2009), Donovan Henley (2010), etc. – and has contributed immensely to the discipline.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Social Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is in the 1990s that ethical concerns regarding social marketing gained predominance in marketing literature. And recently in the last 5 years there is an increasing trend is understanding how social networking can become an effective tool for social marketing . What is Social Marketing? In order to understand the impact of social marketing on brands, it is important first to refresh our definition of marketing. Kotler and Zaltman defined marketing as an occurrence â€Å"when people become conscious of an opportunity to gain from a more careful planning of their exchange relations.† Marketing management is a process that tries to ascertain the behaviour, preferences, desires, attitude, and wants of potential customers that may provide help in designing new products . Therefore, a marketing process is usually a dual proces s of selling the old product and creating the new one. Social marketing is a marketing that was initially done to simply promote a social cause such as â€Å"Keep America Beautiful† or â€Å"Join the Peace Corps†. The aim of true advertisements was to inform and persuade. Kotler and Zaltman first introduced the concept in their 1971 article that established the definition of social marketing. Kotler and Zaltman believes that social marketing is a strategy that definitely has an impact on brand advertisement, however, they raise the question as to how it can be used. Therefore, social marketing is defined as: †¦ the design, implementation, and control of programs calculated to influence the acceptability of social ideas and involving considerations of product planning, pricing, communication, distribution, and marketing research. So it is an intermingling of the social cause with the brand idea and merging them together to become one communication to the consumers. Therefore, the social cause becomes a prop with which the marketing campaign is propelled.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Andersean (1994) identified three problems with the definition put forth by Kotler and Zaltman (1971). First, the term â€Å"social marketing† was confusing at such as early stage when it was confused with â€Å"societal† marketing. Second, their early discussion on social marketing did not mention explicitly if this form of marketing was solely for non-profit organizations or for both profit and non-profit organizations . Third, this definition limits the objective of marketing only to ‘influencing’. Pointing out these shortcomings of the first definition, Andreasen (1994) put forth an alternate definition of social marketing: Social marketing is the adaption of commercial marketing technologies to programs designed to influence the voluntary behaviour of target audiences to improve their personal welfare and that of the society of which they are part. First, this definition clearly shows that social marketing is just another adaptation of commercial mark eting. Second, it demonstrates that social marketing aims at changing behaviour and not just influencing the behaviour. Third, social marketing’s aim is to extend benefit to the consumers or the society as a whole and not the marketer. This third point sets social marketing apart from commercial marketing, where the latter aims at deriving the benefit for the marketer and not the consumer. How ethical is it? Ethical prerogative for marketing campaigns has been traditionally been debated upon . Marketers have immense ethical and moral responsibility towards the stakeholders and all whom a marketing campaign affects . Social marketing aims at promoting social good. Ethics in social marketing assumes greater importance as this aims at marketing social goods. However, this can be adopted by anybody who wants to reach that end. The Ku Klux Clan or the Nazi party to attain something that they believed to be social good could use this form of marketing. Therefore, Andreasen (1994) i nsists that the characteristics of such form of marketing must be clearly articulated, and social marketing should be used based on personal judgment. Brenkert believes that social marketing faces greater challenges that are not faced by commercial marketing. As social marketing aims at solving social problems the ethical bindings of social marketing arises from the social ends it promotes. As the ends of social marketing are â€Å"social exchange† rather than â€Å"commercial exchange† therefore the ends at which these marketing campaigns are aimed at is extremely important. Second issue that arises is that social marketing aiming at behavioural changes may lead to conscious moral changes, which may solve a problem just temporarily. Further social marketing aims at bringing forth change using marketing technique rather than political or social discourse, which removes democratic, and self-determination of the subjects . Many authors have pointed out to ethical concern s in commercial marketing such as Kotler and Zaltman (1971), Andreasen (1994), and Bloom and Novelli . Donovan and Henley pointed out that the main ethical issue in case of social marketing is the issue of power. Bloom and Novelli (1981) essentially believed that social marketing treats some groups differently, which negates the egalitarian and anti-discriminatory principles of ethics. Therefore, they point out that the process of differentiation between the target customers that brings the unethical element in social marketing. Andreasen (1994) believes it is the ends attained through social marketing that infuses the ethical question similar to the idea presented by Brenkett (2002). Therefore, it must be understood that social marketing is not an undesirable issue, but it therefore; the marketing of social causes should be done keeping the ethical concerns in mind. Is social marketing beneficial to commercial marketers? Many brands today are associating themselves with social caus es and plunging into what is called â€Å"cause marketing†. In this, a firm or brand is typically associated with a social cause such as breast cancer, AIDS, or cyclone relief that is used as a tool to boost social image of the steely corporate image to the customers. There has been an increasing debate on the effectiveness of social marketing apart from the ethical concerns related social marketing discussed in the previous section. Andreasen points out that researchers are presently undertaking a lot of empirical studies to understand the benefit of social marketing for commercial purposes. Many researchers have started to understand effectiveness of social marketing. Rose et al. (2007) aimed at understanding the effectiveness of social marketing in influencing individuals’ behaviour. They studied 54 interventions that were filtered based on social marketing criteria. Their findings suggest that social marketing can be an effective tool for influencing individual beh aviour. Hastings Saren try to understand the effectiveness assuming that social marketing tries to change consumer behaviour. They believe that social marketing tries to influence social behaviour of individuals. They also point out that individual behaviour being immensely influenced by environmental influences. It can be an effective part of social commercial marketing. in conclusion they agree with Andreasen and believe that social marketing will make an â€Å"enormous contribution in the growing field of critical marketing† . Hoeffler and Keller argue that marketers have increasingly adopted â€Å"corporate societal marketing† and points out six ways how this can increase brand equity. They demonstrate that it can increase brand awareness, augment image of the brand, and band credibility, evokes feeling for the brand, increases a community feeling with brand and engages customers with the brand. They point out that in order to use social marketing as a strong corp orate marketing strategy, it is important to choose the cause carefully. They suggest that a cause can be chosen that has a ‘commonality’ with the brand, or ‘complimentarily’. The researchers use brief cases to demonstrate their point and show the effectiveness of associating brand with the right cause. Strate points out with the aid of a beer marketing campaign using social marketing principles, that social marketing can actually bring forth change in the cultural and behaviour of the individuals. Further, this can also increase brand identification. Hamlin and Wilson examine the effectiveness of cause related marketing for any brand. They see if linking commercial ventures with charitable causes can bring forth brand identity. This research designed an experiment to understand the ‘fit’ between the social causes and brand and effectiveness of social marketing. The result of the experimental research demonstrates that consumer’s percept ion regarding the cause related brand is not greatly improved. They also show that there is not effective influence on the purchase decision of the consumers for a social cause related brand. This finding goes against the general view of other marketing researchers that social marketing has a great effect on the brand identity an image. Some researchers like Cone, Feldman, DaSilva and Rangan, Karim, and Sandberg believe that social marketing for commercial brands can be successful only through proper identification of the cause with which the brand is to be associated. For instance, Cone et al. (2003) mentions the campaign by ConAgra to fight child hunger. This according to them has been a successful campaign for the company. However, it is believed that too much of moralization can lead ot failure of a social marketing campaign (Rangan et al., 1996). In a recent article published by Henderson and Arora researched the effectiveness to use embedded premium promotions wherein a certa in percentage of the purchased quantity would be donated for a cause. Their research aimed at understanding if such promotions should be used for multi-category product brands. Their findings suggest that in case multi-category product brands, there is no significant enhancement of brand attractiveness. However, they also show that such promotions are better in terms of return on investment sense than price promotions. Therefore, their findings suggest that embedded premium promotions are helpful for both brands and categories. The study of empirical marketing researches on social marketing and its effectiveness demonstrates that social marketing is an effective tool that be used for commercial brands. Brand association with a cause helps in improving brand image and increase brand identity and engagement. Social marketing also bring forth individual behaviour change. Given this effectiveness of social marketing for marketing brands, it is important to understand the context of soci al marketing in new media perspective. This is done in the following section. Social marketing and new media Marketing has researched a new level with the social media. Marketers believe online marketing is a highly effective way to reach the teens . Others like believe that a marketing campaign in the mass media like television or radio will not succeed unless effective merchandising of the social concept exist A New York Times article on social media marketing indicates that brands are being launched and marketing appearance in Facebook before they are actually sold in the market: As Perfetti Van Meller gears up to launch Mentos UP2U, its first stick gum†¦ the initial advertising efforts will be focused in social media like Facebook. For instance, the new gum already has a Facebook fan page, at Facebook.com/up2u, which more than 95,900 people have indicated they â€Å"like†. The first 1,000 visitors who clicked on the â€Å"like† button got free gum in a promoti on† Chinn and Artz believe that social networking provides immense opportunity for social marketers. They provide a list of online tools that a social marketer can use such as emails, online bulletin boards, web sites, etc. The new media also provide extensively interactive and social tools for marketing a social cause or product or both and those are blogs or micro-blogs like Twitter or social networking websites like Facebook or video sharing through YouTube, etc. Marketers, they believe are more eagerly opting for this tool because they want to reach out to larger number of potential customer as a much lesser cost. Social networking has boosted marketing results of many consumer-based products as they are believed to provide links to the customers and increase sales . Andreasen points out that the Internet has become a powerful tool for social marketers to build communities through which they can promote a cause: Internet proved itself to be a very powerful tool, allowing A mnesty International to create a community (network) of advocates called Fast Action Stops Torture that linked individuals and organizations around the world to bring attention to cases of human torture. Social networking is allowing more people to connect to more customers and is helping in creating brand awareness more quickly and to reaching larger masses: â€Å"Social networking sites are allowing planners to connect with more people more often, and in a shorter period of time than they could face-to-face meetings, phone calls or e-mails.† Some social networking sites that have become a rave for marketers are Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc. Researchers have pointed out that the word of mouth campaigning through social networks has the greatest influence on individuals . They study the role of networking sites and how they influence individuals. They also provide a profile of individuals who are mostly affected by such websites. Social marketing is greatly influenced by social networking websites may have on social marketing. Individuals are greatly influenced by social networks and word mouth publicity of a brand related cause. Research has proven that the effectiveness of social marketing is enhanced with the use of social marketing. Social networking websites enable mingling of like-minded people and form a network. Social marketing in such a network it is easy to reach out to the targeted customer. Uhrig, Bann, Williams, and Evans conducted an empirical study, which showed that more and more people are participating in social network websites. Therefore influencing individuals through social networks for purpose of social marketing becomes easier. Thackeray, Neiger, Hanson, and McKenzie believe that second generation applications can enhance consumer engagement. Therefore, they believe that it holds immense potential for social marketing campaigns. As the marketing medium entails less cost and access to a greater number of audiences, Web 2.0 is believed to have a greater potential of reaching the right target customers. The above review of literature on social marketing demonstrates a few principles about the process. First, social marketing can be done for both profit and non-profit marketing. Brand communication through social marketing is empirically believed to hold greater influence on consumer behaviour. Third, the advent of Web 2.0 technology has increased the potential of social marketing with the capability to reach out to a greater number of consumers. Therefore, social marketing has gained a greater and more influential relevance in the new age marketing where word of mouth marketing has started gaining greater importance through social networking. Whom does the Web 2.0 social marketing target? This section delineates a consumer profile that can be derived from previous Web 2.0 based social marketing campaigns. The section will first discuss the empirical researches, their methodology and findings and then demo nstrate the kind of people who are mostly targeted through social marketing through Web 2.0 technology. Social marketing research in Web 2.0 Social networking has gained immense importance for marketers. Social networking helps social marketers to boost their image, increase brand awareness and increase engagement. Customer profile In order to understand the customer profile that needs to be targeted through social media marketing through Web 2.0 it is important to understand the customer profile that most predominantly use this new technology. Their usage behaviour and demographic profiling needs to be understood. Then the question arises if the target customers for the brand are the ones who are using this social media. Uhrig et al. point out that in 2007, 75 percent of the adult population used the Internet and more than 90 percent of the users where in the age group of 18 to 29 years. Of these users there was a likely tendency for them to socialise or network in some way: Among all Internet users, 39% read someone else’s online journal, Web log or blog; 30% post a comment or review online about a product or service they received; 22% comment to a news group, Web site, blog, or photo site; and 19% create content for the Internet. (Uhrig et al. , 2010, p. 342) An empirical research conducted by O’Connor Lundstrom showed that college students – an average age group of 17 to 25 years – have a typical information seeking behaviour. They seek information regarding anything through the Internet search engines, which they believe to be reliable and faster. The empirical study they conducted derived three groups of demographics that make up similar behavioural pattern among target consumers. The demographic profile predominantly consisted of female, above 18 years, Caucasians. However, the control group were male. 65 percent of the group reported that they used the Internet as their first source of information provider. The study findin gs suggested that social marketing derived greater behavioural change than traditional marketing. 94 percent of the participants said that they preferred the Internet as a preferred medium of gather information. Therefore, Internet is a more successful medium for social marketing for youths. Darian College studied the effectiveness of social marketing to change alcohol consumption behaviour of college students. They conducted a study related to the behaviour of the students and their alcohol consumption habit. The researchers did a profiling of the students based on their drinking habit and utilized the results to devised the product, marketing, pricing and distribution strategy. Their research suggests that traditional marketing is not a suitable method to change behaviour of alcohol drinkers. Further, as college students were found to gather most of their information regarding a product from their friends and peers it could be logically concluded that social networking provided s uch as venue online. Therefore, the friends and peers through social networks can become effective influencers. Here too the social marketing campaign was targeted towards youths in order to change their drinking habits and bring forth a more suitable campus environment that would help in stopping alcohol abuse. Smith et al. conducted an empirical research into the effectiveness of social networking as influencers and the personal motivation of consumers to have been influenced. This research was conducted based on two studies – first was a questionnaire survey and the second was an in-depth interview with the influencers. The first study demonstrates that social network of friends and peers have a high degree of influence on the consumer. Further, this research also found that consumers increasingly seek information from brand sites and review websites like CNET Network in order to get a prior knowledge of the product. The survey respondents were also asked to present their internet usage pattern. The study demonstrated that more connected users are more likely to provide review to the brand sites than less connected users (Smith et al., 2007). Therefore, the study finds that the more connected people are the ones who provide advice to the less connected people. This implies that marketers have to target the people who are more connected in social network as they act as influencers in brand purchase and help in spreading word-of-mouth campaign for or against a brand or product. The second study shows that the influencers are motivated to help others in making the right decision. A third questionnaire survey shows that word of mouth campaigns are more helpful in case of heath marketing or social marketing. However, the researchers believe that it is wrong on part of the marketers to reach out to the connected few. Therefore, the word-of-marketing is based on the principle of connecting with the high internet users who act as the influencers. Therefore, the research demonstrates that there is a great amount of internet-based marketing but it targets usually those people who are better connected. Charging embedded premium for the products sold and donating the premium for a social cause is an effective method of social marketing. Researchers believe that it has greater potential to attract customers than price discount . Researchers have tried to understand the product social marketing fit that would allow embedded premium to be a successful marketing strategy. They conducted a questionnaire survey and the survey results showed that social marketing is an effective method of increasing brand image and can increase brand awareness and identity. It also increase brand acceptance wherein people try to help the poor and give out premium price in order to help the needy. Horn points out that one of the best way to reach to the teen consumers is through the Internet. This allows marketers to adopt new media as a potential form of attainin g greater reach of the youths. Social media websites like Facebook, Twitter etc. hold immense potential in increasing the campaigning possibility in their social marketing website. Chen point out that the risk perception a consumer holds regarding smoking or alcoholism. The research shows that the perception of an addict is influenced by three sources and of which social advertisements and peer pressure plays the largest part. Further, the risk perception that a consumer has directly affects his addictive behaviour as well as intention to start smoking. From this findings, managers can deduce that smoking health hazard marketing can become more successful if the risk perception associated with the advertisement could be increased. Further, the target for such advertisements should be elderly males and/or people with low level of education. However, people who are less addicted to smoking, especially younger people, should be induced not to smoke through social marketing techniques. Jones, Reis, and Andrews studied another influencer for organ donation cause and that it families. Their study shows that family members can become facilitator or hinderer of organ donation decision of individuals. Their research predicts that the attitude and belief of family members becomes a strong influence on an individual’s decision to donate organ. They conducted a questionnaire survey of 23 pairs of undergraduate university students and their parents. The study demonstrated that the behaviour of the individuals regarding attitude, degree of family communication, and intention for making a donation. The research therefore shows implications that in order to increase organ donation rate in Australia, the social marketing targets must become the influencers i.e. the family of the targets. Pickett-Baker and Ozaki aimed at understanding the effect on green brands of marketing and advertising techniques. They aimed at understanding if this green way of life could be establi shed as a pattern of regular lifestyle. In order to do this, they conducted a research on consumer behaviour and advertising. Their aim was to identify the process in which consumers could be influenced to adopt greener products. They did a questionnaire survey based on Dunla,p, Roper Stratch Worldwide Environmental Survey and Liere HEP-NEP survey . They analyzed 52 complete responses. The findings of the study suggested that there was a strong correlation between consumer confidence and environmental beliefs of individuals. The finding also report that most consumers do not identify eco-friendly products. However, they support greener product and would like greener companies to produce them but the traditional marketing given no relevant information to them regarding this. Therefore, the research suggests that social marketing could be adopted for the marketing of eco-friendly products among groups of people who are environmentally conscious. Stasio questions the relative success o f social marketing in changing behaviour. The study demonstrates that a social marketing purely targeted towards its cause would be successful. However, it must be one without any hidden agenda. They show that when these prisoners are targeted among a group their long-term success is greater. Therefore, in order to make the process successful the communication objectives of the social marketing must be made clear. The ideal model that is devised for the success of the program is: At the time of sentencing, the judge would say, â€Å"John Smith, you are being sentenced to X years and Y months which will be served in the community under my supervision. Our goal is to admit you back into our community after you pay your debt or your offensive and demonstrate your ability to live by our rules. Starting today, we will develop, with your involvement, a plan to achieve that goal. The plan will require hard work of you, beginning in prison and continuing- and getting harder- after you retu rn to the community. It will also require that your family, friends, neighbours and any other people interested in your welfare commit to the goal of your successful return. Therefore, the aim of the program was to provide social inclusion to the prisoners and help them rehabilitate. This is more of a correctional centre but with the aid of peers and family of the prisoner. Peattie Peattie studies the effect social marketing campaigns have on reducing consumption. The research develops a social marketing model that can be adopted to reduce consumption propensity to consumption. They have shown that health oriented consumption marketing can successfully reduce the propensity for consumption. Social marketing can successfully harness satisfaction among consumers: One element of commercial marketing that social marketers may be able to harness to successfully market consumption reduction, is expectations management. Within services marketing in particular, there is a longstanding reco gnition that customer satisfaction is a function of the match between a customer’s experience and expectations. Therefore satisfaction can be achieved either by raising service standards, or by managing expectations downwards. The research also demonstrates that a social marketing campaign can become successful if consumers view it as â€Å"normal†. The other trend in demographics is the increase in the number of people who are â€Å"hard-working, high-earning, consumption-intensive, lifestyle† will be more influenced as adhering to less consumption can make their experience more satisfying . The study shows that the research shows that there are 1.4 million Britons have purposefully reduced their incomes in exchange for a better quality of life, and a further 600,000 planned to downshift between 2005 and 2006. The research revealed that just under a million 35–54 year olds were making serious plans to downshift and over 1.3 million under 35s in full time employment planned to downshift by the year 2013. The research indicates that consumption reduction social marketing can be targeted to a demographic age group of 35 years to 54 years and that there are a lot of employees people just below the age of 35 who were planning to downshift consumption in the next two years. The literature review provides various facets of social marketing and shows how social marketing is beneficial to the marketers. It also shows when and where it must be used and to target which demographic profile. The review also demonstrates the suitability of the campaign and the influencers of the chosen demographic profile chosen. Implications The literature review shows that there is a lot of research regarding the social marketing in non-profit as well as for-profit sector. However, the use of social marketing with the aid of the new media has not been thoroughly researched upon. The above literature review demonstrates that there are areas of research that nee d to be advocated. First, there is no consensus regarding the definition of social marketing that makes the concept unclear. Second, social marketing has the potential to influence consumer behaviour is a well researched and empirically proven fact. However, the influence a brand campaign associated with a cause and its success is not clearly delineated in the available pool of research. There is a lot of therefore further research is required to understand the effectiveness of the social marketing campaign for cause related brand marketing. Third, the social marketing and its association with social networking websites is unclear from the present literature. There is literature on successful social marketing. There is literature on successful marketing campaigns through social networking websites, their benefits, and the model in which they work. From the two stream of available literature, it can be intuitively deduced that there is a great deal of potential that social marketing through Web 2.0 holds, especially to reach out to the younger generation. This area needs to be further analyzed. Recommendation The above analysis of the empirical study of the social marketing campaigns show that such campaigns can be targeted at any demographic group but it must be conducive to the target that the brand tries to achieve and on the basis of the target the influencer and the media for disseminating the campaign should be decided. For instance, when targeting the youth as a target for a social campaign the influencers are friends and peers and family and the media that should be adopted for dissemination are reality television shows or social networking websites like Facebook or Twitter. The literature review demonstrates that [people who are well connected through in Web 2.0 are more likely to participate in online campaigns and become active advocates for the same. Therefore, social marketers aiming for a cause to be marketed along with their brands should become regular participants in the social networking websites in order to make a group of like minded people to enhance their influence on other potential consumers. Conclusion Social marketing is in its maturing stage of life cycle . Marketers have repeatedly identified the hidden potential of social marketing and the advantages it holds for the success of the brand image. Marketers believe that cause marketing can boost brand image, identity, customer loyalty, and engagement. Therefore, social marketing is identified as a secret tool for marketers to induce customers to spend in a recession hit economy. Web-based marketing has become the new rave. Online marketing especially through social networking websites that provide accurate hit of target customers through advertisements. the literature review suggests there is a great potential for targeting social network marketing as a medium for social marketing. This is because it is easier to reach to the target customers given their demograp hic profile and interests and campaign their products. Therefore, the cost of campaigns also reduces considerably and helps in influencing customer more as social marketing campaigns has a greater potential to influence and change behaviour. References Andreasen, A. R. (2002). Marketing Social Marketing in the Social Change. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 21(1) , 3-31. Andreasen, A. R. (2006). Social marketing in the 21st century. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Andreasen, A. R. (1994). Social Marketing: Its Definition and Domain. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 13(1) , 108-114. Bloom, P. N., Novelli, W. D. (1981). Problems and Challenges in Social Marketing. The Journal of Marketing, 45(2) , 79-88. Brenkert, G. G. (2002). Ethical Challenges of Social Marketing. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 21(1) , 4-36. Chen, H.-L. (2009). Consumer risk perception and addictive consumption behaviour. Social Behaviour and Personality: an international journal, 37(6) , 767-780. Chinn, S. J., Artz, N. (2008). Social Marketing, Social Networking. New York: University Press of America. Cone, C. L., Feldman, M. A., DaSilva, A. T. (2003, July). Causes and Effects. Harvard Business Review, 81(7) , pp. 95-101. Darian, J. C., College, R. (1993). Social marketing and consumer behaviour: Influencing the decision to reduce alcohol consumption. Advances in Consumer Research, 20 , 413-418. Donovan, R., Henley, N. (2010). Principles and Practice of Social Marketing: An International Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press. Fine, S. H. (1990). Social marketing: promoting the causes of public and nonprofit agencies. New York: Allyn and Bacon. Gordon, R., McDermott, L., Stead, M. a. (2006). The eï ¬â‚¬ectiveness of social marketing interventions for health improvement: what’s the evidence?. Public Health, 120(12) , 1133-1139. Guiniven, J. (2009, August). Is cause marketing a no-brainer? Think again. Public Relations Tactics, 16(8) , p. 6. Hamlin, R. P., Wils on, T. (2004). The Impact of Cause Branding on Consumer Reactions to Products: Does Product/Cause ‘Fit’ Really Matter? Journal of Marketing Management, 20(7/8) , 663-681. Hastings, G., Saren, M. (2003). The Critical Contribution of Social Marketing: Theory and Application. Marketing Theory, 3(3) , 305-322. Henderson, T., Arora, N. (2010). Promoting Brands Across Categories with a Social Cause: Implementing Effective Embedded Premium Programs. Journal of Marketing, 74(6) , 41-60. Hill, S., Provost, F., Volinsky, C. (2006). Network-Based Marketing: Identifying Likely Adopters viw Consumer Networks. Statistical Science, 21(2) , 256-276. Hoeffler, S., Keller, K. L. (2002). Building Brand Equity Through Corporate Societal Marketing. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 21(1) , 78-89. Horn, L. P. (2011). Online Marketing Strategy for Researching today’s Teens. Young Adult Library Services , 25-27. Jones, S. C., Reis, S. L., Andrews, K. L. (2009). Communication Abo ut Organ Donation Intentions: Formative Research for a Social Marketing Program Targeting Families. Social Marketing Quarterly, 15(2) , 63-73. Kotler, P., Levy, S. J. (1969). Broadening the Concept of Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 33 , 10-15. Kotler, P., Roberto, N. (1989). Social marketing: strategies for changing public behaviour. New York: Free Press. Kotler, P., Zaltman, G. (1971). Social Marketing: An Approach to planned Social Change. The Journal of Marketing, 35(3) , 3-12. Lazer, W., Kelley, E. J. (1973). Social marketing: Perspectives and viewpoints. NA: Irwin. Luke, K. (2009, November). Marketing the New-fashioned way. Practice Management Solutions , pp. 18-19. Manoff, R. K. (1985). Social marketing: new imperative for public health. New York: Praeger. O’Connor, L., Lundstrom, K. (2011). Impact of social marketing strategies on the information seeking behaviours of college students. Reference User Services Quaterly, 50(4) , 352-365. Peattie, K., Peattie, S. (2009). Social marketing: A pathway to consumption reduction? Journal of Business Research, 62(2) , 260-268. Pickett-Baker, J., Ozaki, R. (2008). Pro-environmental products: marketing influence on consumer purchase decision. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25(5) , 281 – 293. Rangan, V. K., Karim, S., Sandberg, S. K. (1996, June). Do Better at Doing Good. Harvard Business Review, 74(3) , pp. 42-54. Robin, D. P., Reidenbach, R. E. (1987). Social Responsibility, Ethics, and Marketing Strategy: Closing the Gap between Concept and Application. The Journal of Marketing, 51(1) , 44-58. Smith, T., Coyle, J. R., Lightfoot, E., Scott, A. (2007). Reconsidering Models of Influence: The Relationship between Consumer Social Networks and Word-of-Mouth Effectiveness. Journal of Advertising Research, 47(4) , 387-396. Stasio, J. R. (2010). Prisoner Recidivism: A Question for Social Marketing. Marketing Development and Competitiveness, 5(1) , 47 – 56. Stead, M., Gordon, R., Angus, K . a. (2007). A systematic review of social marketing eï ¬â‚¬ectiveness. Health Education, 107(2) , 126–191. Strate, L. (1991). The Cultural Meaning of Beer Commercials. Advances in Consumer Research, 18(1) , 115-119. Stuart, E. (2011, June 23). Building a Buzz Media Ahead of traditional Marketing. New York Times , p. 3 [Retrieved from EBSCOHost]. Thackeray, R., Neiger, B. L., Hanson, C. L., McKenzie, J. F. (2008). Enhancing Promotional Strategies Within Social Marketing Programs: Use of Web 2.0 Social Media. Health Promotion Practice, 9(4) , 338-343. Uhrig, J., Bann, C., Williams, P., Evans, W. D. (2010). Social Networking Websites as a Platform for Disseminating Social Marketing Interventions: An Exploratory Pilot Study. Social Marketing Quarterly, 16(1) , 2-20. Wiebe, G. (1952). Merchandising commodities and citizenship on television. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(4) , 679-691. Yang, T. A., Kim, D. J., Dhalwani, V. (2008). Social Networking as a New Trend in E-Market ing. International Federation for Information Processing, 255 , 847-856. This book review on Social Marketing was written and submitted by user Chase Robbins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Spanish Phrases Followed by the Subjunctive Mood

Spanish Phrases Followed by the Subjunctive Mood Although the subjunctive mood in Spanish is used most often in sentences that take the form noun indicative verb que subjunctive verb, it is used in other situations as well. Probably the most common is following a phrase that functions as a subordinating conjunction. For example, note the use of the subjunctive in the following sentence: Debes comer alimentos nutritivos para que tengas un bebà © sano. (You should eat nutritious foods in order to have a healthy baby.) In this example, para que functions as a subordinating conjunction, and a conjugated form of tener is in the subjunctive mood. Para que is one of those phrases that, at least in standard written Spanish, is always followed by a verb in the subjunctive, although this rule, like many others, may not always be followed in casual speech in some regions. Following is a list of phrases that you can safely assume will be followed by the subjunctive. Note that many of them mean in order that, provided that, or something similar; meanings given are the most common translations but not the only ones possible. Note also that this list isnt intended to be complete - phrases used in the same way with similar meanings will usually also require the subjunctive. A fin de que (in order that, so that): A fin de que no haya confusiones te llamarà © Pablo. So there is no confusion, I will call you Pablo. ¿Quà © se debe hacer a fin de que no ocurra este problema? What needs to be done so this problem doesnt occur? A menos que (unless): No es fcil ir a una tienda y escoger ropa o accesorios, a menos que vayamos acompaà ±ados de una buena amiga. Its not easy to go to the store and choose clothing or accessories, unless we go with a good friend.A menos que se caiga el cielo y todas la estrellas dejen de existir, yo nunca dejarà © de amarte. Unless the sky falls and the stars cease to exist, Ill never stop loving you. Antes de que, antes que (before): El examen de sangre terminar antes de que puedas contar hasta 20. The blood test will be over before you can count to 20.Esta foto fue tomada unas horitas antes de que viajaran a Argentina. This photo was taken a few short hours before they traveled to Argentina.El hecho ocurrià ³ ayer al mediodà ­a, poco antes que lloviera. The act occurred yesterday at noon, a little bit before it rained. Con tal de que, con tal que (provided that, as long as): Harà © lo que me pidas con tal de que me ames. Ill do what you ask me as long as you love me.Mi madre se queda tranquila con tal de que estemos entretenidos viendo la televisià ³n y que no demos guerra. My mother stays quiet provided that were being entertained watching TV and not causing trouble.Con tal que todo sea en beneficio del equipo, yo lo hago. As long as its all for the good of the team, Ill do it. En caso de que, en caso que (in the event that, in case): Tenemos consejos en caso de que usted o un miembro de su familia sufra un accidente. We have advice in case you or a member of your family has an accident.Voy a dejar un recado en caso de que venga mi papa. Im going to leave a message in case my father comes.Èstas son las recomendaciones que hace la Cruz Roja en caso que se presente caà ­da de ceniza volcnica. These are the recommendations that the Red Cross gives in the event that volcanic ash falls. Para que (in order that, so that): Creo que me dijo eso para que me sienta mejor. I believe he told me that so I would feel better.Necesito estudiar para que a mi hija no le falte nada. I need to study so my daughter has what she needs. ¿Quà © se necesita para que podamos crear nuestra propia empresa? What is needed in order to create our own business? Siempre y cuando (only when, if and only if): El Motel Bianco es ideal siempre y cuando tengas auto. The Motel Bianco is ideal if and only if you have a car.Tenemos la libertad de expresià ³n siempre y cuando no ofenda a nadie. We have freedom of expression only when it doesnt offend anyone. Sin que (without): Sin que Espaà ±a resuelva sus problemas, no hay solucià ³n. Without Spain resolving its problems, theres no solution.Cà ³mo cocer huevos sin que se rompa la cscara. How to cook eggs without the shell breaking.

Rethinking the role of academic institutions in moral education

Rethinking the role of academic institutions in moral education Hashtag: #ReasonsToRespectJB Who and What Deserve Respect? Moral Education and Disrespect Respect is a universal virtue. However, conceptions of what deserves respect and who should be respected differ in culture, established local practices, and individual moral education. The characteristic of a respectable person in a particular community, for instance, is dependent on the manner by which a particular cultural group conceives and recognized the value of respect in peaceful coexistence. Ordinary people possessing culturally compliant social and emotional skills (i.e. honesty, courteousness, humility, etc.) are more likely to earn respect than a young celebrity who enjoys urinating on flag and mop bucket, resist arrest for driving under the influence, sued by neighbor for causing emotional distress, and trying to earn it back here #ReasonsToRespectJB. There are several sources of moral education but good moral training is often acquired through institutions cultivating â€Å"sense of reverence†, an attitude believed vital to morality. Academic institutions are morally educative community influencing students’ moral principle, values, and compliance with social standards. In fact, transfer of academic knowledge and development of social and culturally appropriate values and attitude in school occurs simultaneously as a formative process of linking moral values and intellectual capacity, reinforcing values learned at home and community, and developing a  strong commitment to moral behavior. The above commitment is the reason why most educated individuals are ethics-conscious, perpetually respectful of life and authority, respectful of other people’s feelings, belief, property, and rights, and easily earn the respect of others. They normally offer the apology for their mistake or negligence as truth and authenticity in moral principle deserve or earns respect. Get more information here: Practice What You Preach Human Dignity: How Is It Valued What Are the Best Ways to Conduct Research A Better Way to Understand Teams and Roles Managing Conflicts in Group Apology Alone Earns No Respect Some of the #ReasonsToRespectJB according to social media users (most probably avid fans of JB) despite nasty behavior is the courage to admit his mistake and make a public apology. Another is his well-publicized  kindness and good deeds, which is in quite interesting. Considering the fundamental moral principle associated with the apology, admission of mistakes, charity, and good deeds, these acts should be supported by important virtues to earn respect. For instance, a respect-earning apology is one that is sincere, do not make excuses for such behavior, and offered in a timely manner. Unfortunately, JB’s public apology contained praises like â€Å"I am a human being I think people forget that†, â€Å"I’m growing up, figuring some stuff out†, and others. JB even used bad publicities (ex. â€Å"labeling him gay at age 16 and a father at 17) as an excuse for his behavior. The untimely public apology blaming inherent human weakness such as young peoples’ natural curiosity, stress from bad publicity, lack of knowledge, and public misjudgment was actually considered by some social media users as the â€Å"strongest† reason to respect JB. It is really sad but insincerity deserves no respect. It is important to consider that although the courage to admit a mistake and offer an apology for them are excellent moral values, JB is a young celebrity that thrives on reputation and fans, rapidly losing disenchanted fans and product endorsement. He made so many excuses for his mistakes and therefore not guilty, insincere, and misleading the public about his true intention. Moreover, in terms of moral education, JB entered show business at a very young age and graduated from high school in 2012 with the following comments. â€Å"Im free! It was hard doing school and work every day†¦. at school, usually you have to do a lot of writing and reading. Im really not into that stuff. I like to be out there! Now, was his lack of concern over intellectual development in high school affected his moral education? Probably Yes.

Argument for God using the Design argument Essay

Argument for God using the Design argument - Essay Example The world was created in a way that human beings have no control or clue of the occurrence or existence of different phenomena. This essay is going to explore and affirm that God exists through the argument for design. Thesis Statement: The coordination and the intricate way in which human beings live by purpose suggest the existence of an intelligent designer. Overview Our lives in the world are inspired by the events and activities that we, human beings, undertake. However, in the process we have questions on our existence and, most importantly, on whether God exists. An argument by design explains the existence of God through the use of facts, theories and examples of how God created life. The world is meant for human inhabitation because there is a pattern in which life occurs and exists. It is true to argue that the world and life were designed by someone or a spirit that is unexplainable due to the following facts: Teleological orders: This is used to explain how order in the w orld occurs since everything in the world seems to follow a certain pattern. Teleological order can exist as spatial and temporal order whereby spatial order explains the co-presence while the latter explains succession. It is easy to look at the world and wonder at the facts of co-presence and succession. For instance, the human body is made up of millions of parts which interact with one another to come up with a complex living creature. William Paley who was an advocate of natural teleology argued that as a watch is a timepiece that is made up of millions of parts, then also the world and human life is designed that way. Another advocate of the teleological argument was Thomas Aquinas who argued that we see the world as being made up of many things some of which lack knowledge. He elucidates that these beings act for an end and this is evident by the small animals of living things (Sweet 95). As a result, a thing that does not have knowledge cannot move towards and end but only i f it is directed by an intelligent being. Apart from humans who possess knowledge, natural things cannot move towards an end and therefore, what drives their move towards end is an intelligent being who in this sense is God. Paley’s argument is that the world is created in a perfect manner different from a watch due to several reasons. For instance, in his natural teleological argument he says that â€Å"as a watch is perfectly crafted and a well oiled machine,† then the world is also perfect. For instance, in the world there is enough oxygen for everybody. It is not less because it would not support life and again, it is not a lot because it could lead to easy combustion. Apart from William Paley’s theory, other scientists have supported the analogy of design through the positioning of the earth. For instance, if we look at the way earth is positioned, it not so close to the sun because it would cause problems to people and life would not be supported. Furtherm ore, if the sun was in a far position from the earth, then life would not be supported in the world (Sweet 102). The look of the universe from this view presents us with conclusion that God was involved in the creation of the world. This is summed by Isaac Newton who said that the most beautiful system of the sun, planets and comets can only proceed through the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being. Criticisms: The William Paley analogy created a lot of criticism from a lot of quarters, especially from David Hume. The first

Four Main Debates in the Field of Global Strategy by Peng and Essay

Four Main Debates in the Field of Global Strategy by Peng and Pleggenkuhle-Miles - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that global strategy has been popularly understood to refer to the strategic guidance of any organization as the organization seeks to pursue different geographic markets. However, the fact that the definition is not clear as regards to what extent a global strategy should address has generated a heated debate. The paper, Current Debates in Global Strategy provides a unique review of the four current debates as regards global strategy. The four debates are cultural vs. institutional distance, global vs. regional geographic diversification, convergence vs. divergence in corporate governance and lastly domestic vs. overseas corporate social responsibility which are all widely believed to be connected to the institution-based view of global strategy. Peng and Pleggenkuhle-Miles track down the history of each debate while also highlighting the emerging tension of each debate. On the other hand, globalization has transformed and currently is mainl y characterized by its growing interdependency between countries and continues to be multi-faceted with various different business aspects. Peng and Pleggenkuhle-Miles give focus on the four debates informed by the belief that in order to properly analyze literature on global strategy, we have to first pick debates that are fairly distinct from one another. Additionally, a historical aspect was taken into consideration through identification of debates with varying timelines. In understanding the four debates, it is important that we understand the authors perceive global strategy as the strategy employed by firms, both international and domestic around the globe in a bid to compete successfully which in other words imply that their view is based on their belief that global strategy is to a large extent closely lies between strategic management and international business.

Review of Related Literature Essay Example for Free

Review of Related Literature Essay As clubbing became more interactive, technologies became more fashionable and innovative. There are many new installations were built to sustain the needs of interactive clubs. In these present times, latest equipments for sounds, designs, and lights are the most popular accessories in different interactive bars. According to Emmanuelle Waeckerle (2004), VINST is a video installation and interactive sound performance enabling real-time control of both sonic and visual representation of my voice – thus creating an extraordinary fusion of human body sound and video. This equipment is different because it is a sensitive vocal instrument to the reaction of the body. The sensitivity of this equipment will base on the movement of the body. If VINST is touched in a light manner, the sound are pure tones and when you touch VINST more, you tend to laugh and tickle but when you touch it harder, it will generate pain, but are also pleasurable sounds it creates while having this kind of feeling. LCI also offers interactive technologies for interactive clubs. One of their products is the Interactive Video that can be used in different parts of the clubs such as walls and floors. These interactive video were designed with different themes to match the ambiance, lights, and designs of the club. In this sense, interactive videos designed by LCI bring more life and fun to the clubs and to the customers as well. Human locator would also be a big impact to attract customers. According to the Freeset, the designer of this human locator, when a certain person or people passes through the human locator, it will track the movement of the person and while it locates the movement, the locator will act as a wave and move like the movement of the person. There are also different kinds of tables that can be use to attract more customers that will match their personality. These tables were invented to make the customers comfortable and enjoy while staying at the club. One of these tables is the table called reactable – a table that has tangible electronic musical instruments that would let people releases their love of music. According to TODO, the curators and organizers of 2007 BIP, â€Å"technology shower creates and designs. † Through this statement, they like to say that technology brings life and enjoyment to the consumers and the producers. In this article of TODO where electro wave was featured, the biggest free music festival in Italy, shares their knowledge and talent towards interactive installations for clubs that would help the clubs and its customers enjoy the time they spent there and make it more memorable and comfortable place to set the party. Some of its featured installations are Face2Face2Face, Oneword, and Are You Here? These installation were mobile all installations to locate different people and different places that have interactive clubbing. These kinds of interactive equipments brought life to interactive clubbing. Articles coming from different interactive installation professional, we can see that interactive clubbing continue to rise due to its demands. Customers would prefer interactive clubs than ordinary clubs to make their nightlife more innovative and creative. Facilities, equipments, and installations for interactive clubs will bring profit for the owners and enjoyment to the customers. Methodology Since this research involves an evolution of a particular existent activity which is clubbing, it is important to conduct a research and background study of the research conducted before regarding such topic. The methodologies involved in this paper also constituted an analysis of the existing club spots regarding the nature of these clubs, the equipments being used and the concepts that served as their foundation for success. Interviews are essential in this research in order to gather necessary information regarding the other existing traditional and interactive clubs. The interviewees include managers from different traditional and contemporary clubs and existent interactive club. The questions that were distributed to the managers comprised of the following? 1. When did the club found? 2. How long has it been active? 3. What were the major equipments being used in the club? 4. What are the most requested or most frequent activities by costumers? 5. Who are the most frequent costumers? 6. If there are any, what were the common suggestions of the costumers for the club? 7. How do you keep your costumers? 8. What were the technological enhancements that the club had undergone? 9. What were the installations that the club recently had? 10. What other enhancement would you want to install in your club? The total number of respondents is 50 managers for the United Kingdom clubs. Most of the respondents are managers of clubs that had operated and remained successful for at least six to ten years. They were also managers in such clubs for three to four years. The common answers were that the must in a club are the lively DJ’s high –tech audio gadgets which include woofer and loud bang speakers, surround digital sound , audio generated strobe and disco lights, light retractors, sound proof walls, cozy steel or wooden bar set, and a wide dance floor. The most frequently requested by costumers are the new disco or techno mixes in music and a DJ that keeps the night going. The drinks, the food and the services are also important to consider in ensuring costumer satisfaction. Another set of questions were given to frequent club goers in order to find out what they are looking for in a club and what is their knowledge about interactive clubbing. The questions include the following: 1. How often do you go clubbing? 2. Why do you go clubbing? 3. What kind of clubs do you go to, and where? 4. Why do you choose such clubs? 5. What are the technological installations in those clubs that you like best? 6. Do you know what interactive clubbing is? 7. Have you gone into an interactive club? (If no, Do you like the idea? If yes, How was your experience? ) 8. Which do you prefer, a traditional clubbing or interactive clubbing? 9. What would you like in a club? 10. What would fully satisfy you as a club goer? The total number of respondents is 50 club goers fro the United Kingdom. Most of the respondents are frequent club goers ranging from ages eighteen to thirty-eight years of age. Based from the result of the survey, most of the club goers go clubbing as a form of relaxation and socialization with other people. The clubs that are frequently visited are the clubs playing the latest music and audio mixes. It was also found that the audio speakers and the woofers of these clubs are the latest technological breakthroughs. Most of the respondents have heard and learned about interactive clubbing but only half of the total number of interviewees has actually gone into interactive clubs in the United Kingdom. The experiences were almost the same that was an astonishment of the new technology brought about by the combination of audio and visual effects of media translation. The same respondents voted in favor of interactive clubbing as against traditional clubbing. Their answer to the questions pertaining to costumer satisfaction can be summarized into relaxation and an energetic environment with the Jockey and good quality of sounds and more that the club can offer as other forms of entertainment. Most of the respondents are looking for something more than what has already been offered. The level of the costumer satisfaction is also increasing as the technology introduces innovative gadgets and ideas. Body Different technology installations were invented to make clubbing interactive. Interactive clubbing is known for the clubs’ latest equipments and facilities that would attract customers. Clubs today were built to attract bar hoppers in an interactive manner. Club owners bought different kinds of latest gadgets, equipments and facilities to sustain the demand of the present generation. Some of the examples of latest gadgets, facilities, and/or equipments that were built in different clubs are cameras, interactive videos, interactive tables, computers, sounds, lights, designs, and themes. Interaction with different clubs in different parts of the world can be done through cameras. For example, there would be an installation of interactive cameras showing different clubs in the world. These different clubs are part of the connection of interactive clubs for they will have their cameras inside their clubs to show the clubbers the situations in different clubs. Aside from the setting of other clubs, sounds and music can be heard through these cameras. In this sense, all the participating interactive clubs would have the same music played, which brings interaction and intimacy to all the participating interactive clubs. Cameras installed in these interactive clubs will also show the themes of different clubs in different countries. Therefore, themes and cultures in different countries will be shown through the interactive cameras. Computers will be installed for more interaction between clubbers in different clubs. Computers will help clubbers to communicate with people in different clubs that have the same interactive facilities if they want to. Sounds and music are the most important factors for clubs because these are what the clubbers wanted. In this case, sounds and music must be the primary attraction for clubbers that is why newly invented musical instruments and facilities are produced to make the musical atmosphere of the clubs became more attractive. One of the musical equipment used for clubs is the Pioneers DVJ-X1. This equipment brings more life and strength to the sounds and music of the clubs. Aside from this, it has different parts that can be used to make the sounds clearer, audible, and creative. Lights, designs, and themes are also the factors of bringing clubbers into the clubs. Clubbers would love seeing different kinds of lights and designs inside the club. Lightspace is one of the innovators of light displays to different clubs. According to them, they transform everyday surfaces into engaging, entertaining and interactive exercise, display, gaming and learning surfaces that are capable of stimulating and responding to human touch. Through this kind of evolutionary displays, clubbers would really enjoy going to clubs that has lighter colors and lively designs because it brings life and enjoyment to them. The clubs’ themes are also important to show the clubbers the atmosphere of the place. The theme of the club will determine its clubbers, facilities, equipments, and workers. That is why it is also an important factor for the clubbers. In addition to this, as its equipments, facilities, and displays are important, the task of the DJs or the VJs are also important because they bring life to the club. They are the one who will manipulate the whole night of dancing and singing. Fast-learners, professionals, creative, and imaginative DJs or VJs must be the controller of the sounds to make the nightlife comfortable and conducive. In these present times, many people who wanted to enjoy their nightlife. In the previous years, clubs were built to make people enjoy through listening to sounds and drinking with friends – this is the traditional lifestyle of ordinary clubs. Ordinary clubs can give only few things to its customers – listening to the sounds, dancing on the dance floor and become drunk. People during those times are not aware with the atmosphere of the clubs because these factors are the most important things that were set in their minds. As time goes on, people wanted more of it. Because technology became more in demand, inventors and owners became partners in making the clubs livelier and interactive, that is why interactive clubbing emerged. Comparing and contrasting ordinary clubbing to interactive clubbing would bring opposite directions of two interrelated elements. Ordinary clubbing caters few enjoyment and contentment while interactive clubbing brings more life and great atmosphere to the whole club because listening to the music and dancing on the dance floor would not the only thing to do. Through interactive clubbing, clubbers can do many things like chatting, watching the video walls, interacting with different clubbers in different clubs from different parts of the world, and playing with the designs, lights and themes of the clubs. In this case, interactive clubbing brings more freedom to the clubbers in whatever they want to do while clubbing. However, these kinds of interactive clubbing need to have more money, more knowledge, and more power. Having this kind of interactive clubs are not the same as having an ordinary club because it needs to have more people, more time, and more effort to make a certain club interactive. An interactive club can be said as creative and imaginative but it is an ideal – ideal in a sense that it is perfect, perfect in the eyes of every clubber. According to Wegner (2005), nightclubs enjoy a commercial advantage over domestic sound and light systems. However, the club advantage begins to diminish when consumer technology enables a cars sound system or a home theater to provide a superior experience. Because of technology, the demands for these kinds of places are easily declining due to the competition of different technology innovators and innovations. Nevertheless, technology in interactive clubbing is more Conclusion While it is considered a fact that music video has ever been present in the world of clubbing, the evolution of technology has influenced greatly its player-performing end and the display-presentation end. Interactive Clubbing indeed open a new experience for club goers. The technological installations of wide digital surround sounds, and the LCD generated effects provided an environment of which only the future can offer. This research proposal therefore provided an assumptive conclusion on the probability of the status of an interactive clubbing. There is definitely a positive response of science and technology to the demands of interactive clubbing as proven in the proper combination of technological application of new installations. There are already experimental methods to place cameras at various clubs throughout the world which recreated a specific ambiance a traditional club. This makes it possible for DJ’s to perform live at different places at the same time. There also a great deal of possibility of advanced digital 3d dancers that enables the presence of another person in the form of an avatar that interacts with genuine clubbers through the internet provider. These innovations will definitely set the new standard for clubbing in the not too distant future. Therefore it is concluded that Interactive clubbing is the present application of the future of clubbing experience. References: Bennett, A. (2000). Dance Music, Local Identity and Urban Space. In Popular Music and Youth Culture: Music, Identity and Place, edited by (Bennett, Andy). New York: St. Martins Press, 73-102. Bidder, S. (2001). Pump Up The Volume: A History of House. London: Channel 4 Books. Birgy, P. (2003). French Electronic Music: The Invention of a Tradition. In Popular Music in France from Chanson to Techno: Culture, Identity and Society, edited by HughDauncey and Steve Cannon. Aldershot: Ashgate, 225-242.. Brewster, B. and Broughton, F. (1999) Last Night A DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey. Grove Press. Butler, M. (2005). ‘Everybody Needs a 303, Everybody Loves a Filter’: Electronic Dance Music and the Aesthetics of Obsolescence. In Digital Media: Transformations in Human Communication, edited by Paul Messaris and Lee Humphreys. New York: Peter Lang, 111-18. Byrom, H. (1998) The Future of Clubbing. Find Articles. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19980830/ai_n14165054 Carrington, Ben and Brian Wilson. 2004. Dance Nation: Rethinking Youth Subcultural Theory. In After Subculture: Critical Studies of Contemporary Youth Culture, edited by Andy Bennett and Keith Kahn-Harris. New York: Palgrave, 65-78. Erenberg, Lewis A. Steppin Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890–1930. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1981. Freeset. (n. d. ) Human Locator. Human Locator: a Freeset Technology. http://freeset. com/locator/ Hesmondhalgh, David. 1997. The Cultural Politics of Dance Music. Soundings 5, 167- 178. LCI. (2005). Interactive. http://www. lci-uk. com/filter. php? filter[]=interactive _________. (n. d. ) Lightspace. Lightspace Corporation: Unique Interactive Installations. http://www. lightspacecorp. com/ Merriam-Webster. Interactive. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. http://www. m- w. com/cgi-bin/dictionary? book=Dictionaryva=interactive Off-Corso, R. (2006). The Critical Mass. http://www. enviu. org/cm/cm_index_site. html Regine Zylberberg. Queen of the Night. Aug. 2006. Retrieved on May 14, 2007. http://www. jahsonic. com/Regine. html Waeckerle, E. (2004). VINST2. Current. http://ewaeckerle. com/current/vinst.(2007). The Dawn of Interactive Clubbing. 365MAG International Music Magazine. http://www. 365mag. com/index. php? pg=newsrecnum=3888Title=The+dawn +of+interactive+clubbing%3F+on+365MAG+International+Music+Magazine . (2002). Responsive Environmentskeywords. Future Physical. http://www. futurephysical. org/pages/content/resp_env/i_clubbing. html __________. (2007). Interactive Installations for Clubbing. We Make Money not Art. http://www. we-make-money-not-art. com/archives/009473. php __________. (2003). Tangible Musical Interfaces Music Tables. Reactables related. http://www. iua. upf. es/mtg/reacTable/? related.